What is NAD+?
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is a essential coenzyme found in all living cells that plays critical roles in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. NAD+ levels decline with age, leading to interest in supplementation and precursors.
Note: NAD+ is not a peptide but a nucleotide coenzyme often discussed alongside metabolic peptides.
Functions
Cellular Roles
- Energy metabolism: Required for ATP production
- DNA repair: Substrate for PARP enzymes
- Sirtuin activation: Substrate for SIRT1-7
- Redox reactions: Electron carrier
Age-Related Decline
NAD+ levels decrease with age:
- Reduced energy production
- Impaired DNA repair
- Decreased sirtuin activity
- Contributes to aging phenotypes
Supplementation Approaches
Precursors
- NMN: Nicotinamide mononucleotide
- NR: Nicotinamide riboside
- Niacin: Vitamin B3
- NAD+ itself: Direct supplementation (IV)
Research Applications
- Aging research
- Metabolic disorders
- Neuroprotection
- Exercise performance
Summary
Key Points:
- Classification: Essential coenzyme
- Functions: Energy, DNA repair, sirtuins
- Age Factor: Declines with age
- Supplementation: NMN, NR, direct NAD+