What is Humanin?
Humanin is a cytoprotective mitochondrial-derived peptide discovered in 2001 during research into Alzheimer's disease. Originally found to protect neurons from amyloid-beta toxicity, humanin has since been recognized as a broad-spectrum cell survival factor with implications for aging, metabolic disease, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Humanin was the first mitochondrial-derived peptide identified and paved the way for discovery of related peptides like MOTS-c.
Discovery
Discovered in 2001 by Dr. Nishimoto's group in Japan while searching for factors that protect against Alzheimer's-related neuronal death. It was found encoded in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene.
Molecular Profile
Structure
MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA (24 amino acids)
Molecular Data
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Amino Acids | 24 |
| Molecular Weight | ~2687 Da |
| Origin | Mitochondrial 16S rRNA |
| Type | Mitochondrial-derived peptide |
Mechanism of Action
Cytoprotective Effects
Humanin provides cell protection through:
- Anti-apoptotic action: Blocks cell death pathways
- BAX inhibition: Prevents mitochondrial permeabilization
- IGFBP-3 interaction: Modulates IGF signaling
- Receptor binding: FPRL1/FPRL2 activation
Neuroprotection
Specific neuronal effects:
- Amyloid-beta toxicity protection
- Oxidative stress resistance
- Neuronal survival promotion
- Cognitive preservation in models
Research Applications
Alzheimer's Disease
Original research focus:
- Amyloid-beta protection
- Neuronal survival
- Cognitive function preservation
- Disease modification potential
Metabolic Disease
Expanded research:
- Insulin sensitivity
- Pancreatic beta cell protection
- Glucose metabolism
- Obesity-related effects
Aging Research
Longevity implications:
- Circulating levels decline with age
- Correlate with metabolic health
- Potential anti-aging effects
- Mitochondrial health marker
Analogs
HNG (S14G Humanin)
Modified version with:
- Single amino acid change
- ~1000-fold increased potency
- Enhanced research applications
Summary
Humanin represents a cytoprotective peptide with broad implications for neuroprotection, metabolism, and aging.
Key Points:
- Classification: Mitochondrial-derived peptide
- Key Effect: Cytoprotection, anti-apoptosis
- Research: Alzheimer's, diabetes, aging
- Status: Research compound