GHK (Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) is a naturally occurring tripeptide first isolated in 1973 by Dr. Loren Pickart from human albumin as an activity that caused old liver tissue to synthesize proteins like younger tissue.
Structure
Amino Acid Sequence: Gly-His-Lys
GHK has strong affinity for copper(II) ions and readily forms GHK-Cu. However, GHK has significant biological activities independent of copper binding.
Age-Related Decline
- Age 20: ~200 ng/mL
- Age 60: ~80 ng/mL
This decline coincides with decreased regenerative capacity.
Gene Expression Modulation
Using the Broad Institute's Connectivity Map, researchers discovered GHK modulates at least 4,000 human genes:
- DNA Repair genes: 47 upregulated, 5 downregulated
- Antioxidant genes: Enhanced expression
- Collagen synthesis genes: Increased ECM production
Research Applications
Wound Healing
- Improved wound contraction and granular tissue formation
- Increased antioxidant enzyme activity
- Stimulated angiogenesis
- Faster epithelialization
Anti-Fibrotic Effects
Promotes balanced collagen synthesis and reduces fibrosis.
Skin Regeneration
Stimulates collagen I and III, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans.
GHK vs GHK-Cu
| Property | GHK | GHK-Cu |
|---|---|---|
| Copper bound | No | Yes |
| Gene modulation | Yes | Yes |
| Applications | Broader research | Typically cosmetic |